Alan

실수하기 쉬운 영어 문법

(x) I walked across the forest.

(o) She swam across the river.

(o) I walked through the river.

☞ "across"와 "through"는 한 쪽에서 다른 쪽으로 움직임을 나타낼 때 쓰인다.

"across"는 표면에서의 움직임을, "through"는 공간적인 움직임을 표현한다.

(x) I've got headache.

(o) I've got a headache.

(o) I've got toothache

(o) I've got a toothache.

☞ "headache(두통)"는 셀 수 있는 명사이며, 통증을 나타내는 단어들(예,toothache,

earache, stomachache)은 가산 또는 불가산 명사로도 쓰인다.

(x) According to me, this book is very interesting.

(x) According to his opinion, this book is too boring.

(o) According to John, this book is very interesting.

(o) In his opinion,, this book is too boring.

☞ "According to"뒤에는 화자를 제외한 다른 사람이나, 책, 신문, 등이 와서 "...의 말"의 뜻을 내포한다. 이 말 뒤에는 "opinion"이나 "view"가 쓰이지 않고 대신 "in my opinion, in his view"가 쓰인다.

(x) He spoke to me very friendly.

(x) She sang lovely.

(o) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

(o) Her singing was lovely.

☞ 대다수 부사는 형용사에 -ly를 붙여서 만든다. 그러나 단어 중에는 -ly 로 끝나는 형용사가 있다. (friendly, lovely, lonely, likely, ugly, deadly, cowardly, silly)

(x) Everest is high 9,000 meters.

(o) Everest is 9,000 meters high.

☞ 크기를 표시하는 형용사(예:high, old, down, deep, long)는 단위를 나타내는 명사 뒤에 온다

(x) The carrots are my favorite vegetable.

(x) I like the music, the poetry, and the art.

(o) Carrots are my favorite vegetable.

(o) I like music, poetry, and art.

☞ 일반적인 사물을 지칭할 때는 관사가 없이 복수명사 혹은 복수어미를 취하지 않는 추상명사나 물질명사는 단수명사를 사용한다. 단수 보통 명사에는 관사를 붙인다.

(x) We live in small house.

(x) She is studying to be doctor.

(x) I'm afraid of a spiders.

(x) She was wearing a blue trouser.

(x) It's a nice weather.

(o) We live in a small house.

(o) She is studying to be a doctor.

(o) She is wearing trousers.

(o) It's nice weather.

☞ 관사 "a/an"이 명사 앞에 놓이면 하나를 의미하고 복수 어미를 붙이지 않는다. 불가산 명사 앞에는 관사를 쓰지 않고 복수어미를 붙이지 않는다.

(x) We need an other chair.

(x) I've got other three days holiday.

(o) We need another chair.

(o) I've got another three days holiday.

☞ "another"는 "an"과"other"의 합성어이지만 한 단어이다.

(x) He has seventeen.

(x) He is seventeen years.

(x) He is seventeen old.

(o) He is seventeen.

(o) He is seventeen years old.

☞ 나이를 말할 때는 "be동사 + 숫자" 또는 "be동사 + 숫자 + years old"로 표현한다.

(x) I'll phone you after I shall arrive.

(x) After I shall arrive, I'll phone you.

(o) I'll phone you after I arrive.

☞ "after" 뒤에는 미래시제형 문장이 오지 않는다. 현재 시제로써 미래시제를 나타낸다.

"before, until, as soon as, when"도 비슷한 방법이다.

(x) As well as he broke his leg, he hurt his arm.

(o) As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.

☞ "as well as" 가 동사와 함께 사용될 때는, 동사의 ～ing형이 쓰인다.

(x) He came over and asked me a light.

(x) She asked for the price of the dress.

(x) I couldn't find my watch, so I asked Mary to use hers.

(o) He came over and asked for a light.

(o) She asked the price of the dress.

(o) I couldn't find my watch, so I asked Mary if I could use hers.

☞ ask for..을 달라고 요청하다, ask..을 묻다, ask if ..할 수 있는지 묻다

(x) She had blood in her forehead.

(o) She has blood on her forehead.

☞ 신체의 부위를 지칭할 때는 전치사"on"을 사용한다. 속 부위를 말할 때는 "in"을 사용한다. in the eyes, in the mouth, in the ribs, in the stomach cf) hit him in the face

(x) You can't have my watch today. Give it to me again.

(x) This pen isn't good. I think I'll take it again to the shop.

(x) That was lovely. Will you pay it back?

(o) You can't have my watch today. Give it to me back.

(o) This pen isn't good. I think I'll take to the shop.

(o) That was lovely. Will you play it again?

☞ "back"은 원래의 장소로 돌아가는 움직임을 말할 때 쓰이고, "again"은 같은 동작이

반복될 때 쓰인다.

(x) Tom won me at the tennis match.

(o) Tom beat me at the tennis match.

(o) Tom won the tennis match.

☞ "Win " 뒤에는 시합(game), 상(prize), 전투(battle)등의 단어가 오고, "beat"뒤에는 시합 중인 사람을 지칭하는 단어가 온다.

(x) I am born in 1966.

(o) I was born in 1965.

☞ 탄생에 관한 것을 말할 때, 늘 과거형 "be + born"을 쓴다. "bear"는 "낳다"라는 의미지만 현대에서는 "have/has a baby"를 쓴다.

(x) Can I lend your bicycle?

(x) Can I borrow you ten dollars?

(o) Can I borrow your bicycle?

(o) Can you lend me ten dollars?

☞ "lend"는 "give"처럼 <빌려주다>, "borrow"는 "take"처럼 <빌리다>의 뜻이다.

(x) Take your camera when you come.

(x) I'll bring you back home after the party.

(o) Bring your camera when you come.

(o) I'll take you back home after the party.

☞ "bring"은 말하는 사람을 향하는 움직임, "take"는 어떤 다른 방향으로의 움직임을

나타낼 때 주로 쓰인다.

(x) I killed the spider by a newspaper.

(x) I killed the spider with hitting it.

(o) I killed the spider by hitting it.

(o) I killed the spider with a newspaper.

☞ "by"는 어떤 동작에 의한 것일 때 "with"는 어떤 도구에 의한 것일 때 쓰인다.

(x) I don'r take care of your opinion.

(o) I don't care for your opinion.

☞ take care of :..을 돌보다, care for : ..을 좋아하다

(x) I went here yesterday, but you weren't in.

(x) I must go now or I won't come home before midnight.

(o) I came here yesterday, but you weren't in.

(o) I must go now or I won't go home before midnight.

☞ 일반적으로 "come"은 말하는 사람이나 듣는 사람이 있는 곳으로 향하는 움직임을 말할 때, "go"는 다른 움직임을 말할 때 쓰인다.

(x) My brother is very older than me.

(o) My brother is much older than me.

☞ 비교급을 수식할 때는 "much" "far" "a bit" "a little"등을 쓴다.

(x) I'll tell you as soon as I'll know.

(x) I'll be back before you'll have left.

(x) If you married me, I'd cook you nice meals when you'd come home.

(o) I'll tell you as soon as I know.

(o) I'll be back before you have left.

(o) If you married me, I'd cook you nice meals when you came home.

☞ 시간 접속사(예: after, before, as soon as, until, when)뒤에는 "will, would"

등을 쓰지 않고 현재나 과거를 쓴다.

(x) Although she was tired, but she went to work.

(x) Because I liked him, so I went out with him.

(x) As you know, that I work very hard.

(o) Although she was tired, she went to work.

(o) Because I liked him, I went out with to work.

(o) As you know, I work very hard.

☞ 두 문장을 연결할 때 한 접속사만 사용한다.

(x) My parents live in a nice country near Seoul.

(x) Korea is country with a high economic growth rate.

(o) My parents live in a nice part of the country near Seoul.

(o) Korea is a country with a high economic growth rate.

☞ "country"는 주로 나라와 시골의 의미로 쓰인다. 나라를 뜻할 때 보통 명사로 복수 어미,

관사(a)등과 함께 쓴다. 시골을 뜻할 때는 복수어미. 관사(a)등 쓰지 않고 "the country"로 쓰인다.

(x) Shakespeare dead in 1616.

(x) She is dead in a car accident.

(x) She is dead in a car crash.

(o) Shakespeare died in 1616.

(o) She died in a car accident.

☞ "dead" 와 "died"를 혼동하는 경우가 있는 데, "dead"는 형용사이고, "died"는 "die"의 과거형이다.

(x) Who did say that?

(x) What did happen?

(x) Which one did get broken?

(o) Who said that?

(o) What happened?

(o) Which one got broken?

☞ 의문문에서 "who" "what" "which"등이 주어로 쓰일 때 조동사 "do"를 쓰지 않는다.

(x) My father was in hospital during six weeks for the summer.

(o) My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer.

☞ "during" 은 어떤 일이 일어난 때를 말할 때, "for"는 기간을 말할 때 쓴다.

(x) I enjoyed very much at party last night.

(o) I enjoyed myself very much at the party last night.

☞ "enjoy"는 늘 목적어와 함께 쓰인다.

(x) Have you got enough of bread?

(o) Have you got enough bread?

(o) Have you got enough of the bread?

☞ "enough" 뒤에는 관사없이 명사가 오며 "enough of" 뒤에는 "the +명사"가 온다

(x) The beer isn't enough.

(x) Was the time enough?

(o) There isn't enough beer.

(o) Did you have enough time?

(o) That's enough.

☞ "enough"는 주어가 대명사일 경우 be동사의 보어로 쓰이지만 주어가 명사이면

보어로 쓰이지 않는다.

(x) I'll wait for you at exactly ten o'clock.

(o) I'll expect you at exactly ten o'clock.

(o) I had to wait twenty minutes for a bus this morning.

☞ "wait"는 지체를 강조하고 싶을 때 주로 쓰며, 정해진 시간에 사람을 기다릴 때는 "expect"를 쓴다

(x) Red and black are colors that fit me very well.

(x) These shoes don't suit me. Have got a larger size?

(o) Red and black are colors that suit me very well.

(o) These shoes don't fit me. Have got a larger size?

☞ "fit"는 크기가 맞다는 말이고, "suit"는 색깔이나 디자인이 어울린다는 말이다.

(x) I've forgotten my umbrella at home.

(o) I've left my umbrella at home.

☞ 장소가 언급될 때는 'forget" 대신에 "leave"를 쓴다.

(x) There is a nice little cafe in front of our house.

(o) There is a nice little cafe opposite our house.

☞ 길이나 강, 방의 반대쪽을 지정할 때는 "in front of"를 사용하지 않고 "opposite"를 사용한다.

(x) You play very good.

(x) When I'm with you I'm well.

(x) He speaks well English.

(o) You play very well.

(o) When I'm with you I'm fine.

(o) He speaks good English.

☞ "well"은 건강 상태를 말할 때만, 형용사로 사용된다. 그 외에는 부사로 사용된다.

(x) Only half us could come.

(x) I live half a mile from here.

(x) Give me the half.

(o) Only half of us could come.

(o) I live half a mile from here.

(o) Give me half.

☞ 대명사 앞에서는 "half"가 쓰인다. 길이, 시간등을 나타내는 단어 앞에는 "half"가 쓰인다.

"half"가 때로는 대명사로 쓰이며 이 때는 당연히 관사를 붙이지 않는다.

(x) Suddenly I listened a strange noise.

(o) Suddenly I heard a strange noise.

☞ 저절로 들려오는 소리를 들을 때는 "hear"를 사용하고, 주의를 기울여서 어떤 소리를 들을 때는 "listen to"를 사용한다.

(x) George is in holidays this week.

(o) George is in holiday this week.

☞ 하루나 이틀 정도의 짧은 휴가를 말할 때는 관가, 복수 어미가 없는 holiday"를 사용하고, 상당한 기간의 휴가는 "a holiday" " holidays"를 사용한다.

(x) How is your mother?

(x) How is the educational system in your country?

(x) How was the weather like?

(o) What is your mother?-Oh, she's very tall.

(o) What is the educational system like in your country?

(o) What was the weather like?

☞ 사람이나 사물의 생김새에 대해 물을 때는 "what..like"를 사용한다. "how"는 사람들의 안부나 일의 진행 상태를 물을 때 쓴다.

(x) Try to not be late.

(x) Try to don't be late.

(o) Try not to be late.

☞ 부정사를 부정할 때는 "not"을 "to" 앞에 붙인다.

(x) I enjoy to travel.

(x) She doesn't mind to go there.

(o) I enjoy traveling.

(o) She doesn't mind going there.

☞ "enjoy"처럼 ～ing 형태의 동사를 목적어로 쓰는 동사들은 다음과 같다.

(admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, endure,

escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve,

mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, resist, suggest, )

(x) I found her laying on the floor asleep.

(x) I laid down and closed my eyes.

(o) I found her laying on the floor asleep.

(o) I lay down and closed my eyes.

☞ lay (눕히다) lay -laid - laid - laying

lie(눕다) lie - lay - lain - lying

lie(거짓말하다) lie - lied - lied - lying

(x) I like very much going to parties and dancing and meeting people.

(o) I very much like going to parties and dancing and meeting people.

☞ 동사(like)와 목적어Igoing..)은 보통 함께 오고, 부사(very much)는 동사 앞이나, 목적어 뒤에 온다.

(x) She married with a builder.

(o) She married a builder.

(o) When are you going to get married?

☞ "marry"는 전치사 없이 사용한다. "marry"뒤에 목적어가 오지 않을 때는 "get married"를 많이 사용한다.

(x) John's got many friend because he's got much money.

(x) Celia talks much.

(o) John's got many friends because he's got a lot of money.

(o) Celia talks a lot.

☞ "much" "many" 는 의문문, 부정문에서 주로 사용하고, 평서문에서는 "lot" " a lot (of)"

"plenty of"를 사용한다

(x) Neither his parents came.

(o) Neither parent came.

(o) Neither of his parents came.

☞ "neither"는 관사, 소유대명사 등이 붙지 않는 단수 명사 앞에 쓰이고, 그 외에는

'neither of"가 사용된다.

(x) I found that she no more lived there.

(x) There's no longer bread.

(o) I found that she no longer lived there.

(o) There's no more bread.

☞ "no more" 는 양이나 정도를 표현할 때 그 외에는 "no longer"를 쓴다.

(x) No one of my friends came to my birthday party.

(x) I've read no one of his books.

(o) None of my friends came to my birthday party.

(o) I've read none of his books.

☞ "no one"은 "nobody"를 뜻하며 보통 "of"가 뒤따르지 않는다. "한 사람도"를 의미할 때는

"none of"를 쓴다.

(x) Where are those five dollars I gave you?

(x) Ten miles are a long way to walk.

(o) Where is that five dollars I gave you?

(o) Ten miles is a long way to walk.

☞ "five dollars" "ten miles"가 복수 형태로 되어 있으나 단수로 취급한다.

1. 4형식으로 착각하기 쉬운 동사

우리말 식으로 따지면 하면 4형식의 구문을 가질 것 같은데 사실은 3형식 구조를 갖는 동사를 정리한 것입니다.

* 동사+A+to+B / 동사+A+with+B

(1) He announced the news to us.

(2) She introduced her sister to me

(3) He described the scene to me.

(4) He explained the accident to me.

(5) He trusted me with the money

(6) They provided us with food.

(7) God endowed her with many talents.

2. ...를 ...하도록 설득시키다

▶ persuade, convince, encourage, invite, prevail on

(1) I might persuade my parents to think as I do.

=I might persuade my parents into thinking as I do.

(2) We convinced her to stay. = We prevailed on her to stay.

= We persuaded her into staying.

(3) She encouraged him to do the work.= She invited him to do the work.

3. consider 의 뜻으로 쓰이는 주요 표현

(1) You should take into account someone else's wishes.

= You should take someone else's wishes into account.

(2) We made allowances for his youth.

= We allowed for his youth.

= We took his youth into consideration.

= We consider his youth.

4. 불을 놓다

. set fire to (the house), set (the house) on fire : (집에) 불을 지르다

. catch fire : 불이 붙다 (= catch on fire)

. (타) make a fire, build a fire, kindle, light, ignite : 불을 붙이다

. 불붙기 쉬운 : combustible, inflammable

5. keep 의 개념

'어떤 상태 그대로 유지하다'라는 의미 개념을 가지고 있습니다. 다음이 왜 그런 뜻이 나오는지 이해를 먼저 하십시오.

▶

(1) keep the change ( )

(2) keep off the grass ( )

(3) keep left ( )

(4) keep calm ( )

(5) keep one's temper : 화를 내지 않다

(6) keep out of trouble : 곤란한 일에 끼지 않다

(7) keep going ( )

(8) keep the promise ( )

(9) keep the dog from coming

(10) keep the secret

(11) keep ____________ : 일기를 쓰다

(12) keep a small house

(13) keep house : 살림을 하다

(14) keep my teeth clean : 5형식

* (1) 잔돈은 가지세요 (2) 잔디에 들어가지 마시오 (3) 좌측 통행하시오 (4) 침착 하라 (7) 계속 가다 (8) 약속을 지키다 (9) 개가 오지 못하도록 하다 (11) a diary (12) 조그만 가게를 운영하다

▶

keep ... to oneself (자기에게만 간직하다)

want ... to oneself

have ... to oneself

ex) . She kept her old memory to herself.

. She wanted the television to herself.

. She had the room to herself.

6. take down : 기록하다, 기입하다

▶ note down, jot down, write down

7. make it : 성공하다

▶ succeed, come off well, go off well

8 have an effect on : ...에 영향을 미치다

. have an influence on= have an impact on = __________(한 단어로)

* affect

9. come to + N 의 용법 : ... 하게되다

▶

come to an end, come to stop, come to a halt : 멈추다, 끝나다

come to a conclusion : 끝나다, 결론으로 달하다

come to mind : 생각나다

come to nothing : 헛수고로 끝나다

come to oneself : 의식을 회복하다

come to someone's aid/assistance/aid : ... 을 도와주다

come to an agreement : 동의하다

come to blow : 싸우기 시작하다

10. go to + N 의 용법

▶

go to waste : 낭비되다

go to extremes : 극단으로 가다

go to great pains : 무척 수고하다

go to pieces : 조각나다, 정신적으로 무너지다

go to trial : 재판 받다

91. 이차적인 내용을 등위접속사(and)로 연결하는 것은 부적당하다.

. Josephine is in the room, and Hugh won't speak to her. (X)

. Even though Josephine is in the room, Hugh will jot speak to her. (O)

92. 같은 내용은 같은 구문으로 나타낸다. (평행구조)

. It was cold, rainy, and there was too much wind. (X)

. It was cold, rainy, and windy. (O)

. Ice skating is more exciting than to roller skate. (X)

. Ice skating is more exciting than roller skating. (O)

. The motor sputtered, coughed, and then it was stalled. (X)

. The motor sputtered, coughed, and then stalled. (O)

93. 혼동될 가능성이 없으면 같은 말은 생략하는 것이 좋다.

. Mr. Kim went to the post office, to the supermarket, to the drugstore, and to the library. (제일 앞의 to만 필요하다)

94. 전치사의 목적어는 목적격이다.

. Nobody except you and she saw the robber run away. (X)

. Nobody except you and her saw the robber run away. (O)

95. 비교의 대상은 같아야 한다.

. The population of New York is larger than Seoul. (X)

. The population of New York is larger than that of Seoul. (O)

. His point of view is quite different from me. (X)

. His point of view is quite different from mine. (O)

96. 자주 나오는 격언과 속담은 반드시 알아둔다.

. One man's meat is another man's poison.

(한 사람에게 고기가 되는 것이 다른 사람에겐 독이 되는 경우가 있다.)

. A stitch in time saves nine. (제 때의 바늘 한 뜸은 아홉 바늘을 던다)

. Better late than never. (하지 않는 것보다 늦게라도 하는 것이 낫다.)

. Waste not, want not. (낭비가 없으면 부족이 없다)

. Two wrongs never make a right. (나쁜 일이 거듭되어서 옳은 일이 되는 법은 없다)

. Penny wise, pound foolish. (작은 돈은 아끼며, 큰돈은 아끼지 않는다)

. Easy come, easy go. (쉽게 버는 돈은 쉽게 나간다)

. Take care of pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.

(푼돈을 소중히 하면 큰돈이 저절로 모인다)

97. 주의할 몇 가지 생활 영어 표현

. The store changed hands again. (그 가게 주인이 또 바뀌었다.)

. She was near tears. (그녀는 막 울음이 터질 것 같았다)

. This lunch is on me. (오늘 점심은 내가 사겠다)

. He writes novels on the side. (부업으로 소설을 쓴다)

. I don't deserve your thanks. (뭐 감사할 것까지야 있겠어요?)

. It gets me! (열 받는구만!)

. That's the spirit. (암 그래야지)

. Count me in. (나도 끼워 줘)

. Count me out. (나 빼 줘)

. At it again! (또 그 짓이야!)

. You can say that again. (지당하신 말씀)

. After you, please! (먼저 하시죠!)

. After you with the paper, please. (신문 보시고 난 뒤 좀 보여 주십시오)

98. 요일, 날자, 달을 묻는 표현

. 요일 : What day is it today? / What day is today? / what day of the week is it today?

. 날짜 : What's the date? / What day of the month is it today?

. 달 : What month is this?

99. 단위를 표시하는 복수는 단수 동사를 받는다.

. Twelve years is a long time to spend in exile. (12년은 망명생활로 보내기에는 긴 시간이다)

. Ten miles is a long way when I was child.

. I haven't seen her this two hours.

100. 뜻을 구별해야 할 형용사

. succeed : successful (성공적인) / successive (연속적인)

. moment : momentous (중요한) / momentary (일시적인)

. industry : industrious (근면한) / industrial (산업의)

. sense : sensible (분별력 있는) / sensitive (민감한)

. compare : comparable (비교할 만한) / comparative (비교적)

. credit : credible (믿을만한) / credulous (쉽게 믿는)

. practice : practical (현실적인) / practicable (실천에 옮길 수 있는) 

81. 수식어는 무엇을 수식하는지 문명해야 한다.

. Mary held the baby with a smile on her face. (X) (누가 웃는지 분명하지 않다)

. With a smile on her face, Mary held the baby. (O)

82. 절이 무엇을 수식하는지 분명히 나타내어야 한다.

. Difficulties confronted the company which must be solved. (X)

. Difficulties which much be solved confronted the company. (O)

83. 대명사는 가리키는 것이 분명해야 한다.

. When she was seven years old, Katie's sister got the mumps. (X) (she는 누구?)

. Katie's sister got the mumps when she was seven years old. (O)

84. 동사와 직접연결 되는 말 앞에 다른 말이 들어와서는 안 된다.

. We went last year to New York. (X)

. We went to New York last year. (O)

85. 하나의 문장은 중심내용을 나타내도록 되어야 한다.

. The students were in the library and they were all from different countries. (X) (관계없는 내용이 and로 이어져 있다)

. Students from all over the world were using the library. (O) (관계없는 내용을 종속절이나 구로 처리한다.)

86. 동일 문장은 논리적으로 정리되어야 한다.

. The batter was made, the icing was applied, and the cake was baked.(X) (batter; 반죽, icing은 최종 단계이다)

. The batter was made, the cake was baked, and the icing was applied. (O)

87. 말은 논리적이 되어야 한다.

. Reading street signs is a real problem for the illiterate. (X) (문맹자가 읽는다는 것은 말이 될 수 없다)

. The inability to read street signs is a real problem for the illiterate. (O)

88. 중심내용을 종속절에 두어서는 안 된다.

. The car slowly rumbled to a halt as I realized we had run out of gas.(X) (중요한 것은 휘발유가 떨어진 것이다)

. As the car slowly rumbled to a halt, I realized we had run out of gas. (O)

89. 접속사는 뜻에 맞게 써야 된다.

. The reason she is fat is because she overeats. (X) (reason과 because는 뜻이 중복되어 부적당하다)

. The reason she is fat is that she overeats. (O)

90. 관계 대명사와 관계부사는 접속기능을 가지므로 다른 접속사와 같이 쓰지 않는다.

. I want to buy the blue suit, but which is too costly for me. (X)

. I want to buy the blue suit, which is too costly for me. (O)

71. 동격어로 쓰인 대명사의 수와 격은 대명사가 나타내는 명사를 따른다.

. He asked for two volunteers, you and I. (X)

. He asked for two volunteers, you and me. (O)

. Us girls are going out shopping now. (X)

. We girls are going or shopping now. (O)

72. 전치사의 목적어는 목적격이다.

. Henry was asked to choose between Jack and I. (X)

. Henry was asked to choose between Jack and me. (O)

73. different 뒤에는 from이다.

. Life here is not different than life anywhere else. (X)

. Henry here is not different from life anywhere else. (O)

74. 주어의 수를 동사는 따라야 한다.

. The carton of eggs is on the table.

. The data have arrived just in time. (data는 datum의 복수)

75. 삽입구는 무시하고 주어와 동사만을 일치시킨다.

. Joe, as well as his two cousins, calls me every day.

. My two aunts, along with their dog DJ, visit me every Sunday.

76. There는 주어가 아니고 유도부사이므로 주어를 확인하여 동사의 수를 정해야 한다.

. There is a sparrow on the window ledge.

. There are 300 apartments in my building.

77. 주격보어는 주격이고 목적격 보어는 목적격이다.

. The best player may be he.

. I think it to be her.

. It was him that I liked. (강조구문이므로 예외)

78. 부정사 앞에 의미상의 주어가 없으면 주절의 주어와 동일하다는 뜻이다.

. To live life fully, friends are needed. (X)

. In order to live life fully, one must have friends. (O)

79. hardly, scarcely, barely등은 부정의 뜻에 가까우므로 다른 부정어와 같이 쓰이지 않는다.

. Tom didn't hardly touch his dinner tonight. (X)

. Tom hardly touched his dinner tonight. (O)

80. Almost는 바로 다음의 단어를 수식한다.

. Last week I almost lost $100. (잃을 뻔하다)

. Last week I lost almost $ 100. (거의 100불을 잃었다)

61. 같은 동사의 반복은 좋지 않으며 too나 so와 조동사와 같이 써서 나타낸다.

. I went to school in Ann Arbor and Ginger went to school in Ann Arbor. (X)

. I went to school in Ann Arbor and so did Ginger.

62. 사역동사 have, make와 지각동사 see, hear, feel의 목적어가 직접 행하는 것은 목적어 뒤에 동사원형을 써서 나타내고, 당하는 것은 과거분사로 나타낸다.

. Did you have your oil checked at the gas station?

. If the gardener comes today, have him plant the rosebush.

63. 의미상의 주어 없이 분사만 있는 것은 주절의 주어와 같은 경우이다.

. Jumping to the ground, my key fell out. (X) (뛰는 것은 key가 아니고 '나'이다.)

. Jumping to the ground, I lost my keys. (O)

64. because of 는 부사구이므로 동사를 수식하고 due to의 due는 형용사이므로 be 동사의 보어가 된다.

. She was absent because she was sick.

. Her absence was due to her sickness.

65. farther, farthest는 거리를 나타내고 further, furthest는 정도, 범위, 양을 나타낸다.

. Alaska is farther than I thought.

. If you need further assistance, please ask.

66. 빈도를 나타내는 부사 (ever, never, often, seldom, hardly, scarcely, always)는 본동사의 앞에, 조동사와 be동사 뒤에 둔다.

. Ellen has never sailed a boat.

. He seldom complains.

. Nina is often late for class.

67. 부사와 동사를 목적어 사이에 두어서는 안 된다.

. I will meet today the president. (X)

. I will meet the president today. (O)

68. 최상급의 형용사와 of the two, because, for가 있는 구문에서의 비교급 앞에는 the가 붙는다.

. Mr. Kim is the smartest architect in the company.

. He is the smaller of the two.

69. 집단의 구성원과 비교할 때는 자기가 제외되도록 other나 else를 쓴다.

. Jim's car was faster than any other in the race.

. Anne is heavier than anyone else in the laboratory.

70. 다음은 의미상 비교급이 있을 수 없다.

. absolute, final, ultimate(궁극적인), sole (유일한), first, unanimous (만장일치의), total, last, unique, eternal, primary, only

51. see, hear, feel 은 지각동사로 목적어 뒤에 동사원형을 쓰지만 '인식'을 의미하는 뜻으로 쓰이면 목적어 뒤에 to be가 쓰인다.

. I see it to be a mistake. (나는 그것이 잘못이라는 것을 안다.)

52. 동명사의 의미상의 주어는 소유격이 원칙이지만 소유격을 만들 수 없는 것은 그대로 쓴다.

. I have no doubt of both of them being wrong. (나는 그들 둘다가 틀렸음을 의심하지 않는다.)

53. 같은 문장에서 다른 태의 문장은 피하는 것이 좋다.

. He gave me my pay and I was told where to go. (X)

. He paid me and told me where to go.

54. 미래 완료는 (will/shall have + pp)는 미래의 어느 때까지의 완료될 일을 나타낸다.

. I shall have eaten by the time you arrive. (네가 도착할 때쯤은 나는 식사를 했을 것이다.)

55. yet, already, so far(지금까지), up to now, before, recently, lately 등은 현재완료와 같이 잘 쓰인다.

. Has he returned your pen yet?

56. if 절에 should를 쓰면 '혹시 ... 한다면'의 뜻이고 주절에는 명령문이나, 조동사 현재, 조동사 과거가 쓰인다.

. If you should see Jay, tell him to meet us.

57. should have +pp는 이루어지지 않은 일에 대하여 유감의 뜻을 나타내는 구문이다.

. The train should have been here by now. (기차가 지금쯤 여기에 왔어야만 하는데)

58. used to + 원형동사는 과거의 규칙적인 습관을 나타낸다. 'be used to + 동명사'는 '...에 익숙하다'이고 'be used to + 원형'는 '...하는데 사용된다'이다.

. This tool is used to bore a hole.

59. would rather는 prefer의 뜻이고 뒤에 동사원형이 온다.

. I'd rather go to a play than see a movie.

60. 같은 형의 조동사가 이어지는 본동사와 이어질 경우 처음만 쓰는 것이 좋다.

. He will preserve the fresh flower and will discard stale one. (X)

. He will preserve the fresh flower and discard the stale one.)O)

41. if 절에 과거(be동사는 were)를 쓰고 주절에 조동사 과거를 쓰면 현재 사실의 반대를 나타내는 가정법 과거이다.

. If I had the time, I would take a vacation.

. If she were here, she could show you the way.

42. if 절에 had+ p.p (또는 could have + p.p)가 있으면 주절에는 "조동사 과거 + have + p.p"가 오면 과거 사실의 반대를 나타낸다.

. If I had followed the directions carefully, this cake would have been delicious.

. If I had had the time, I'd have taken a vacation.

43. wish 다음에 과거 문장(be는 were)이 오면 wish 와 같은 시간의 반대 상황이고, 과거완료가 오면 wish보다 한 time 앞선 시간의 반대상황을 나타낸다.

. I wish I were a bird. (내가 지금 새라면 좋을텐데)

. I wish I had been a bird. (내가 그때 새였더라면 지금 좋을텐데)

. I wished I were a bird. (내가 그때 새였더라면 그때 좋았을텐데)

. I wished I had been a bird. (내가 그때 새였었었더라면(?) 좋았을텐네 --우리말에 없는 것이라 이렇게 밖에 표현할 수 없습니다.)

44. until, when, before, after, if, unless, while, as long as, by the time 다음에 현재시제 서서 미래를 나타낸다.

. We won't go unless they invite us.

. They won't leave as long as we are here.

45. 시간과 조건의 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 나타내지만 그 이외의 절에서는 미래를 will, shall로 나타낸다.

. I will consult with him when he returns.

. I will ask him when he will return.

46. will you....?는 '부탁, 권유'를 나타내고, 'Won't you ...?'는 권유를 나타낸다.

. Will you show me the way o the station? (부탁)

. Won't you go camping with us? (권유)

47. 두 개의 과거 중 먼저 일어난 것은 과거완료(대과거) 구문으로 하지만 일어난 순서대로 말하면 과거만 쓴다.

. He gave me a novel, but I lost it.

. I lost the novel which he had given me.

48. hope, expect, suppose, intend, mean(의도하다)에 완료 부정사(to+have+pp)를 붙이거나 과거 완료형에 단순 부정사를 붙이면 이루어지지 못한 것을 말한다.

. He hoped to have met her.

. He hoped to meet her in vain.

. He hoped to meet her, but he couldn't.

49. 의문문에 대한 답을 할 때 do를 쓰면 동사+목적어를 모두 나타나게 되는 것이 되고 의문문의 동사를 그대로 쓰면 목적어까지 써야된다.

. Did you tell the truth?

- Yes, he did. (O)

- Yes, he told. (X)

- Yes, he told the truth. (O)

50. cannot ... too는 "아무리 ... 히도 괜찮다"인데 too를 쓰지 않고 접두어 over-가 있는 동사를 써도 된다.

 You cannot overpraise her conduct. (너는 그녀의 행동을 아무리 칭찬해도 괜찮다.)